Nail disorders

What are Nail Disorders?

Nail disorders refer to various conditions that affect the appearance, structure, or health of the nails. These conditions may result from infections, trauma, underlying health issues, or poor nail care. Nail disorders can impact fingernails, toenails, or both.

Causes of Nail Disorders

• Fungal Infections – Common cause of thickened, discolored nails.
• Bacterial Infections – Can lead to swelling, pain, and pus formation.
• Trauma or Injury – Repeated pressure or damage to the nails can cause abnormalities.
• Nutritional Deficiencies – Lack of iron, biotin, or zinc may weaken nails.
• Underlying Health Conditions – Diabetes, psoriasis, or thyroid disorders can affect nail health.
• Excessive Moisture & Chemicals – Frequent exposure to water, detergents, or harsh nail products can lead to nail damage.

Types of Nail Disorders

1. Fungal Nail Infection (Onychomycosis)

• Yellow, thickened, brittle nails.
• Common in toenails due to moisture buildup.
• Can cause nail separation from the nail bed.

2. Ingrown Toenail

• Nail grows into the skin, causing pain, redness, and swelling.
• Often results from improper nail trimming or tight footwear.

3. Paronychia (Nail Infection)

• Bacterial or fungal infection causing redness, pain, and pus-filled swelling around the nail.

4. Nail Psoriasis

• Pitting (small dents), discoloration, and thickened nails.
• May be associated with psoriasis, an autoimmune condition.

5. Beau’s Lines

• Horizontal ridges or grooves across the nails.
• May result from illness, injury, or severe stress.

6. Leukonychia (White Spots on Nails)

• White spots or streaks due to minor trauma or zinc deficiency.

7. Koilonychia (Spoon Nails)

• Nails become thin and concave, often linked to iron deficiency anemia.

8. Brittle Nails

• Nails that easily crack, split, or peel due to dehydration, aging, or vitamin deficiencies.

9. Clubbing of Nails

• Enlarged, curved nails with thickening at the fingertips.
• Can indicate lung disease, heart conditions, or liver disease.

Symptoms of Nail Disorders

• Discoloration (yellow, white, or dark nails).
• Thickened or brittle nails.
• Pain, swelling, or tenderness around the nails.
• Pitting, ridges, or unusual nail shapes.
• Separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Diagnosis of Nail Disorders

A dermatologist diagnoses nail disorders through:

• Physical examination – Assessing nail color, texture, and shape.
• Nail culture test – Identifying fungal or bacterial infections.
• Blood tests – Checking for deficiencies or underlying health conditions.
• Biopsy – Rarely needed for severe nail abnormalities.

Treatment for Nail Disorders

• Antifungal Medications – Oral or topical treatments for fungal infections.
• Antibiotics – For bacterial infections like paronychia.
• Topical Steroids – Used for psoriasis-related nail changes.
• Surgical Nail Removal – For severe infections or painful ingrown nails.
• Nail Strengtheners & Moisturizers – Help brittle nails regain strength.

Prevention of Nail Disorders

• Keep nails clean and dry.
• Trim nails properly – straight across for toenails.
• Avoid biting nails or picking cuticles.
• Moisturize nails and cuticles to prevent dryness.
• Wear protective gloves when handling chemicals or water.
• Avoid excessive use of nail polish and artificial nails.
• Wear breathable shoes to prevent fungal infections.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Nail disorders can often be managed with proper care and treatment. If symptoms persist or worsen, consulting a dermatologist is recommended for accurate diagnosis and treatment.